ELECTRICITY, Class X, Part- IV

 

ACCORDING TO THE CBSE SYLLABUS 2025-26, THIS CHAPTER HAS BEEN RENUMBERED AS CHAPTER 11.

CBSE CLASS 10 SCIENCE CHAPTER 12 ELECTRICITY NOTES -(PART IV)
NOTES OF CH 12 ELECTRICITY, CLASS 10TH SCIENCE

 Study Material and Notes of Ch 12 Electricity Class 10th Science

Remaining Topics of this Chapter

10. HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
 A. JOULE'S LAW HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
 B. The FILAMENT OF AN ELECTRIC BULB IS MADE UP OF TUNGSTEN
 C. ELECTRIC FUSE
 D. ELECTRIC POWER


HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

If an electric circuit is purely resistive, the source of energy is continually dissipated entirely in the form of heat. This is known as the heating effect of an electric current.

As E = P × T ∝  VIt                      {E = H}

Heat produced, H = VIt  {V = IR}

Or, Heat produced, H = I2Rt

USES OF THE HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

The heating effect of current is applied in the working of electrical heating appliances such as electric kettles, irons, room heaters, water heaters (geysers), etc. 

JOULE’S LAW OF HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

a. It states that the heat produced in a resistor is directly proportional to the square of the current. 

                                                             H ∝ I2

b. It is directly proportional to resistance for a given current, 

                                                                         H ∝ I

c. It is directly proportional to the time for which current flows through the conductor.

                                                                         H ∝ t

So,                                                              H =  I2Rt

d. The heating effect is desirable in devices like electric heaters, electric irons, electric bulbs, electric fuses, etc.
e. The heating effect is undesirable in devices like computers, computer monitors (CRT), TVs, refrigerators, etc.
f. In an electric bulb, most of the power consumed by the filament appears a heat and a small part of it is radiated in the form of light.

FILAMENT OF ELECTRIC BULB IS MADE UP OF TUNGSTEN BECAUSE:

 (i) It does not oxidise readily at high temperature.
(ii) It has a high melting point (3380ºC).
The bulbs are filled with chemically inactive gases like nitrogen and argon to prolong the life of the filament.

ELECTRIC FUSE: 

 It is a safety device that protects our electrical appliances in case of a short circuit or overloading.
(a) A fuse is made up of pure tin or an alloy of copper and tin.
(b) The fuse is always connected in series with the live wire.
(c) Fuse has a low melting point.
(d) The current capacity of the fuse is slightly higher than that of the appliance.

ELECTRIC POWER: 

The rate of doing work or the rate of consumption of electrical energy is called Electric Power. 

If W is work done in time t, then P=W/t.

                                                       P = VI

                                            ⇒ P = I2R = V2/R


S.I. unit of power = Watt (W)

One watt of power is consumed when 1 A of current flows at a potential difference of 1 V.

                                         ⇒ 1 Watt = 1 volt × 1 ampere

The commercial unit of electrical energy is a kilowatt-hour (kWh).

                                         1kWh = 3,600,000J 
                                         ⇒ 1 KWh = 3.6 × 106 J

One kilowatt-hour is defined as the amount of energy consumed when 1kW of power is used for 1 hour.

                                        ⇒ 1 KWh = 1 unit of electric energy.

ADVANTAGES OF A  PARALLEL CIRCUIT IN DOMESTIC WIRING

1. In a parallel circuit, if one electrical appliance stops working due to some defect, then all other appliances keep working normally.
2. In a parallel circuit, each electrical appliance has its own switch, due to which it can be turned on or off independently, without affecting other appliances.
3. In a parallel circuit, each electrical appliance gets the same voltage (220V) as that of the power supply line.
4. In the parallel connection of electrical appliances, the overall resistance of the household circuit is reduced, due to a higher circuit from the power supply is higher.

 

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